::Tribes::
Indigenous People, Tribes & Bands
Names with <?> are unknown - No information found or another ( rare ) name found for the tribe.
Names with * have their own page.
Current Sources:
*The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Tribes - A Comprehensive Study of Tribes from the Abitibi to the Zuni - By: Bill Yenne ( Recommended Reading )
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Britannica
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia®.
The Free Dictionary
Links - Various Sources
A
Abihki ( see Creek )
Abitibi, Abitibiwinni
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Northeast Ontario )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, wild game.
At the beginning of 1984, there were 60 Abitibi living on the south shore Lake Abitibi, Ontario, and 478 Abitibiwinni living near Amos, Quebec.
Abnaki ( Abneki, Wabunaki )
Geographic Region: Northeast ( New England )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Hunting, Maize
The name Abnaki, or more properly Wabunaki, means 'those living at the sunrise,' and is generally applied to the Algonquian peoples living in Maine. They include the related Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, as well as the Malecite, Arosaguntacock and Sokoki. The Abnaki made contact with fair skinned people - particularly the French in the 17th Century and after defeats by the English at Norridgewock in 1724, and at Pequawket in 1725, withdrew into Canada and settled with other refugee tribes at St. Francis. They resettled in Maine by 1890. In 1967, there were 616 Abnakis in Canada. The 1985 reservation population of Maine was 2918, including 1070 Passamaquoddy and 1106 Penobscot.
Absaroka ( see Crow )
Absentee Shawnee ( see Shawnee )
Achumawi ( Achomawi )
Geographic Region: Northeast California ( Pit River )
Linguistic Group: Hokan-Shasta
Principle Dwelling Type: Semisubterranean House.
Principle Subsistence Type: Mix of animal and wild plant foods.
Known informally as the Pit River Indians, the Achumawi occupied regions of the Sierra Nevada foothills west of Mt Shasta. Fred Kniffen noted in a combined aboriginal population for Achumawi and Atsugewi of 3000 in 131 villages.
Acoma Pueblo ( see Pueblo )
Agaiduka ( see Shoshone )
Agua Caliente ( see Cahuilla )
Aht ( see Nootka )
Ahtena
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Canadian Northwest Territories )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Double lean-to
Principle Subsistence Type: Caribou, Moose.
*Bibliographic details for "Ahtna"
Ais
Geographic Region: The Ais, or Ays were a tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the Atlantic Coast of Florida. They ranged from present day Cape Canaveral to the St. Lucie River Inlet, in the present day counties of Brevard, Indian River, and St. Lucie. They lived in villages and towns along the shores of the great lagoon called Rio de Ais by the Spanish, and now called the Indian River.
Linguistic Group: The Ais language has been tentatively assigned by some authors to the Muskogean language family, and by others to the Arawakan language family.
Principle Dwelling Type: Covered with palmetto leaves both top and sides.
Shortly after 1700 settlers in Carolina started raiding the Ais to capture slaves. By 1743, when the Spanish established a mission among them, the Ais numbers were declining due to slave raids, disease and rum. The Ais were gone from the area by 1760.
*Ais (tribe). (2007, January 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:57, January 28, 2007
Akwaala
Geographic Region: Southwestern California ( San Diego County )
Linguistic Group: Hokan-Yuman
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns.
Alachua ( see Seminole )
Aleut
Geographic Region: Arctic ( Aleutian Islands Alaska )
Linguistic Group: Aleut
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangloid earth-covered Alaskan house.
Principal Subsistence Type: Sea Mammals, fish, berries.
The Aleuts comprise two linguistic sub-groups, The Unalaskans of the Alaskan Peninsula and the eastern Aleutian Islands; and the Atkans of the western Aleutian groups such as the Near, Rat and Andreanof Islands. They are closely related to the nearby Eskimo, but are distinguished by their rounder faces.
Traditionally they are good hunters and fishermen. At the time of their contact with Russian traders in 1741, there were estimated to number 20,000 or more. The 1910 U.S. census showed only 1400, but by 1950 their number had increased to 5649.
In 1985 the Aleutian Pribilof Island and Bristol Bay Native associations showed a combined population of 6369, but this did not account for those people living off the reservations.
Algonkin ( Algonquin, Algonquian - see Abnaki, Arapahoe, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Delaware, Fox, Kickapoo, Illinois, Mascouten, Massachuset, Mohegan, Narraganset, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Powhatan, Sauk, Wampanoag )
The Algonquian Indians sharing the Algonquian language constitute North American's largest group of tribes, with a population in excess of 250,000 Canada and the United States. Their geographic range once spread from the Atlantic to the Rockies.
Alis
Geographic Region: Southeast ( eastern Florida )
Linguistic Group: Muskogean-Alis ( language extinct )
Principal Dwelling Type: Rectangular thatched house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, maize.
Alsea
Geographic Region: Northwest ( central Oregon Coast )
Linguistic Group: Penutian
Principal Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish.
Anadarko ( Anadaca, Anadacao, Anadahcoe, Nadako )
Geographic Region: Plains ( east Texas )
Linguistic Group: Caddoan
Principal Dwelling Type: Thatch or hide house.
Principal Subsistence Type: Cultivated plants, game
The name Anadarko is Caddoan and means 'those who ate the honey of the bumble bee.' The first to make contact with the Anadarko was De Soto in 1541, and he called them, 'Anondacao.'
They were included among the Caddo by early French surveys until 1763. Their numbers reduced by conflicts and disease, and in 1835 they were forced west to the Brazos River by the terms of the Caddo Treaty. In May 15, 1846, in the Treaty of Council Springs, the Anadarko, who then numbered 450, agreed to accept as their protector the United States. In a reservation set aside near Fort Belknap, Texas in 1854, there were said to be only 202 Anadarko in 1857. In 1858 warfare broke out between the Anadarko and the white settlers, and as a result, they were moved to Indian Territory, arriving in August 1, 1859, settling on leased Choctaw lands in the Washita area.
In 1861, the Civil War began, and Chief Jose Maria signed a treaty with the Confederate States of America, under whose auspices the tribe is said to have prospered. Some Anadarko people were forced north to Caddo country in Kansas until the end of the war because of attacks which came from tribes sympathetic to the Union. Returning to the Washita region in 1867 they have been associated with the Wichita-Caddo Reservation since 1901.
In 1950, an estimated 449 Anadarko descendants remained among the Caddo, and in 1985, the total Anadarko and Caddo population living at the Anadarko Agency in Oklahoma was 1218. ( see also Caddo ).
Ancestral | Ancient Puebloans ( Anasazi )
Geographic Region: Southwest
Linguistic Group: Uncertain
Principal Dwelling Type: Pueblo
Principle Subsistence Type: Mix of wild and cultivated plants.
The Anasazi name means 'basket maker.' and is applied to a now extinct group of Indians who lived during prehistoric times in the four corners of the Southwest, where Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado meet.
**The term "Anasazi" means "ancient enemies" in the Navajo language. Modern Pueblo people, who are descended from these cliff-dwelling people, prefer the term "Ancestral Puebloans."
In the late 1200's the Anasazi culture flew apart in a cataclysmic time of drought, environmental exhaustion, and warfare that archaeologists call "the abandonment." Many survivors trickled over to the Rio Grande Valley, where their Pueblo descendants live today. Others migrated to the Hopi mesas of Arizona.**
**- Excerpt from "Kokopelli" by Author: Lawrence W. Cheek.
Links:
Apachicola, Apalachee ( see Seminole )
Apola - Location Georgia
Arapaho ( Arapahoe )
Geographic Region: Plains and Prairies ( eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota )
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan
Principal Dwelling Type: Plains tipi
Principal Subsistence Type: Large game, buffalo
A Native American people formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming, with present-day populations in Oklahoma and central Wyoming.
The name Arapaho is derived from the Pawnee tirapihu ( larapihu ) Meaning 'he buys or trades,' an appropriate name for the greatest trading people of the Great Plains. They call themselves Invna-ina, or 'people of our own kind,' whereas their close allies the Cheyenne with whom they are historically allied, call them Hitaniwo'iv, or 'cloud men.'
Links:
Aravaipa Apache ( see Apache )
Arikara ( Arikaree )
Geographic Region: Plains and Prairies ( Missouri River and along the border of North and South Dakota )
Linguistic Group: Caddoan
Principal Dwelling Type: Prairie-South-east earth lodge; domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principal Subsistence Type: Hunting, maize
In 1804, the Arikara were estimated to have numbered 2600, but by 1950 the population was estimated at 500. In 1970, there were 1408 Arikara on reservations.
Links:
Arivaipi - Location - Arizona
Arkansa Osage ( see Osage )
Arosaguntacock ( see Abnaki )
Assiniboine ( Assiniboin - Stoney )
Geographic Region: Plains and Prairies ( western Saskatchewan )
Linguistic Group: Siouan
Principle Dwelling Type: Plains tipi
Principal Subsistence Type: Buffalo
The Assiniboin name means 'one who cooks with stones.' They were the descendants of a group that split off from the Yanktonai Sioux in the seventeenth century.
In the early nineteenth century, they numbered roughly 800, but the smallpox epidemic of 1836 decimated half their population. They later settled on reservations in Alberta and Montana, and in 1985, the Montana population stood at 2747.
Links:
Atakapa
Geographic Region: Southeast ( Texas and Louisiana coast )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principal Dwelling Type: Rectangular, thatched house
Principal Subsistence Type: Fish
Atasi ( see Creek )
Atna ( The Ahtna (trans. ice people) also Ahtena, Atna, Ahtna-khotana, or
Copper River )
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Copper River Basin, southern Alaska )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular, earth-covered Alaskan house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, Caribou, Moose
Atsina ( see Gros Ventre )
Atsugewi
Geographic Region: Northeastern California ( Pit River )
Linguistic Group: Hokan
Principle Dwelling Type: Semisubterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Mix of animal and wild plant foods.
Auk ( see Tlingit )
Awatixa, Awaxawi ( see Gros Ventre )
Ays ( see Seminole )
Aztec
A member of a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century
Links:
B
Baffin island Eskimo ( see Eskimo )
Bannock
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( southern Idaho )
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan and Algonquian mix
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Large game.
The Bannock are but one of many numanic-speaking tribes - speak a language indigenous to the Great Basin.
Historically, they are related to the Shoshone.
In 1985, there were approximately 2250 Bannock on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming.
Links:
Bear Lake ( Satudene )
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie Territory )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Double lean-to; crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, caribou, moose
Beaver
Geographic Region: Subarctic
Linguistic Group: Athapasscan
Principle Dwelling Type: Double lean-to
Principle Subsistence Type: Caribou, moose
In 1967, there were 727 Beaver Indians in Canada.
Bella Bella
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast
Linguistic Group: Wakashan ( related to Salishan )
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Related to the Bella Coola, and like them, are located on the northern part of the British Columbia coast. The present town of Bella Bella is located near Campbell island, British Columbia, about 150 miles south of Prince Rupert.
Bella Coola
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Their original home was the Bella Coola River of the upper British Columbia Coast, and they had a distinctive dialect owing to their isolation from other Salishan peoples.
In 1793, Alexander MacKenzie noted that their homes were large cedar log buildings, and they had decorative and religious art, including totem poles, carved to represent a 'totem' animal, which each particular family may have been associated with.
The present town of Bella Coola, British Columbia, is located on a long inlet called Burke Channel, about 200 miles southeast of Prince Rupert and 50 miles east of Bella Bella, British Columbia. In 1967, there were 575 Bella Coola in Canada.
Beothuk
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Newfoundland only )
Linguistic Group: Beothukan
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Caribou, moose, sea mammals
Inhabiting the island known as Newfoundland, they were encountered by European exploration of North America. With a habit of painting their bodies with red paint, is thought to have led to the adoption of the term 'red man' to refer to Indians.
Links:
Biloxi
Geographic Region: Southeast ( southern Mississippi )
Linguistic Group: Muskogean
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular thatched house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Originally located on Biloxi Bay near the present site of Biloxi, Mississippi, they later migrated toward Louisiana. They were originally thought to be related to the Choctaw, who formed the majority of the population of the region, but in 1886, they were proven to be an isolated pocket of Siouan-speaking people. In 1985, the Tunica-Biloxi tribe in Louisiana had a population of 104.
Links:
Blackfoot Sioux ( see Sioux )
Blood Blackfoot ( see Blackfoot )
Boise ( see Shoshone )
Box Elder ( see Shoshone )
Brandywine ( see Wesort )
Brulé Sioux ( see Sioux )
Buena Vista
Geographic Region: California ( east central )
Linguistic Group: Penutian-Yokuts
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns, small game
Bruneau ( see Shoshone )
Bungi ( see Chippewa )
C
Cahokia
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Illinois )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Hunting, maize.
Prominent among the prehistoric mound builders of the upper Mississippi River
country, the Chahokia Mound in Madison County, Illinois near St. Louis is the largest
prehistoric earthwork in North America.
Links:
Cahuilla
Geographic Region: Southwest ( Palm Springs, southeastern California )
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Wild plants, maize, small game.
Alfred Kroeber estimated in 1925 that the aboriginal Cahuilla population had been roughly 2500. In 1970, there were 354 Cahuilla on seven Southern California reservations, including 23 on the Cahuilla Reservation itself. In 1985, the population of the Cahuilla Reservation was 148.
Links:
tribal council information
"Cahuilla." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Calapooia, Calapooya ( see 'Kalapuya' )
Calusa ( Caloosa, Calosa )
Geographic Region: Southeast ( southwestern Florida )
Linguistic Group: Muskogean
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular thatched house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish.
Links:
"Calusa." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Calusa - Encyclopaedia Britannica
Capaha ( see Quapaw )
Caribou Eskimo ( see Eskimo )
Carrier
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( coastal mountains, Alaska and British Columbia )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi, double lean-to
Principle Subsistence Type: Caribou, moose.
Nomadic peoples who followed the caribou as their principle source of subsistence. Basketry consisting only of coiling, which distinguished Natives in the region from those of the Northwest Coast or Alaska, where a combination of coiling and twining were used.
In 1967, there were 3862 Carrier in Canada.
Links:
Cascade
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( Columbia River, north central Oregon )
Linguistic Group: Penutian-Chinook
Principle Dwelling Type: Semisubterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Link:
Catawba (also known as Issa or Esaw, but most commonly Iswa)
Geographic Region: Southeast ( southern South Carolina )
Linguistic Group: Siouan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular barrel-roofed house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
The name Catawba derives from the Yuchi word Kotaba, or 'strong people.' And were
the prominent Siouian-speaking tribe in the Southeast.
When first encountering the Spanish in 1566, they were still referring to themselves by their traditional name Iswa, or Ysa.
Links:
Catawba (tribe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
South Carolina – Indians, Native Americans – Catawba
Cayuga ( see Iroquois )
Cayuse
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( northeastern Oregon )
Linguistic Group: Klamath-Sahaptin
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Mix of animal and wild plant foods.
Links:
Cayuse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Umatilla, and Walla Walla tribes.
Celilo
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( eastern Oregon along Columbia River )
Linguistic Group: Penutian-Sahaptin
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Mix of animal and wild plant foods
Chasta-Costa ( Shasta-Costa )
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( central Oregon coast )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
The 1970 population was 30.
Links:
Chatot
Chakchiuma ( <?> Chakchiupa )
Links:
Chawasha
Chaui ( see Pawnee )
Link:
Chenalis
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( western Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
The Chehalis reservation, located on Washington's Olympic Peninsula, had a population of 777 in 1985. The tribe includes the descendants of members of the Chinook tribe who joined the Chehalis and adopted their language after an epidemic in 1829. The tribe includes descendants of those members of the Chinook tribe who joined and adopted their language after an epidemic in 1829.
Chelan
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( north-central Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Chemakum ( Chimakum, Chimacum )
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( Puget Sound, Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Link:
Chemakum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemehuevi ( Southern Paiute, see Paiute )
Chequesta - ( see 'Tekesta' )
Chewelah
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( eastern Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Semisubterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, game
( Note: Subgroup of Spokane tribes )
Links:
Chiaha ( see Seminole )
Chickahominy
Geographic Region: Northeast
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular barrel-roofed house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
Links:
Chickamauga ( see Cherokee )
Chikat ( Chilkat - see Tingit )
Chilocotin ( Chilcotin )
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( coastal mountains, Alaska and British Columbia )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house, double lean-to.
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, caribou, moose
Link:
Chimakuan
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( western Washington )
Linguistic Group: Mosan ( Wakashan-Salish, dialect extinct )
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plant house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Link:
Chinook
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( Oregon and Washington coast )
Linguistic Group: Penutian-Chinook
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, game
Subgroups:
Clatsop ( northern Oregon Coast )
Kathlamet ( northern Oregon Coast )
Wahkiakum ( southern Washington coast )
When Lewis and Clark reached the mouth of the Columbia in 1805, the Chinook numbered about 400, but an epidemic in 1829 destroyed over half their tribe. Many of the surviving Chinook joined the nearby Salishan-speaking Chehalis tribe and adopted their language.
In 1885 John Wesley Powell's survey found more than 500 Chinook living on the coast and on the Grand Ronde, Warm Springs and Yakima Reservations in central Washington and Oregon.
Links:
Chipewyan
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Great Slave Lake, MacKenzie Territory )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, caribou, moose
In 1717 the tribe was said to have numbered about 3,500, but a smallpox epidemic reduced their number to below 500. During the 19th century, their number gradually grew, and by 1906 there were 2400. By 1970, there were 4643 living in 16 settlements in Canada's Northwest Territories.
Links:
Chippewa ( Ojibwa )
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Canadian Shield: Quebec, Ontario, Minnesota,
Michigan and surrounding areas )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Game, fish, wild rice
In 1967 there were 43,948 Chippewa in Canada. In 1985 there were 17,247 on reservations in Minnesota, 9583 in North Dakota and 8138 in Wisconsin.
Links:
Chiticahua ( Chiricahua - see Apache )
Chitimacha ( Chitimachan, Chetimacha)
Geographic Region: Southeast ( Mississippi Delta )
Linguistic Group: Muskogean-Chitimacha
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular thatched house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
In 1982 the population of the Chitimacha Reservation in Louisiana numbered 325 persons, up from 270 in 1970.
Links:
Choushatta ( see Koasati )
Choya'ha ( see Yuchi )
Chukchansi
Geographic Region: California ( east central )
Linguistic Group: Penutian-Yokuts
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns, small game
The reservation at Table Mountain, California had a population of 88 in 1985.
Links:
Chumash
Geographic Region: California ( Santa Barbara )
Linguistic Group: Hokan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns, fish
Estimates of Chumash population prior to Spanish contact range from 13, 650 to 20,400. In 1985 the population of the Santa Ynez Reservation near Santa Barbara was 202.
Links:
Chumash - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cibecue Apache ( see Apache )
Citizen Potawatomi ( see Potawatomi )
Clallam ( see Klallam )
Clatskanie ( see Klatskanie )
Clatsop ( see Chinook )
Coast Miwok ( see Miwok )
Cochiti Pueblo ( see Pueblo )
Cocopa ( Cocopah )
Geographic Region: Southwest ( Southeastern California )
Linguistic Group: Hokan-Yuman
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Wild plants, small game, maize
Links:
Colville
Geographic Region: Great Basin
( north-eastern Washington and southern British Columbia )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Semi-subterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish, game
( Note: Subgroup of Spokane tribes )
Links:
Comox
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( southwestern British Columbia mainland )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
In 1967 there were 783 Comox in Canada.
Link:
Conconcully ( see Okinagan )
Conestoga ( see Susquehannock )
Conoy ( see Delaware )
Coos
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( southern Oregon coast, adjacent to the site of present-day Coos Bay, Oregon )
Linguistic Group: Penutian ( language isolate )
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Links:
Coos (tribe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coosa ( see Creek )
Copalis
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( Washington coast )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Link:
Copper Eskimo ( see Eskimo )
Coree
Coree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Conoy ( <?> Coroy )
Links:
Costano ( Costanoan )
Geographic Region: California ( San Francisco Bay Area )
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns
Aboriginal people of the lands surrounding San Francisco Bay and extending south through the present-day Santa Clara Valley and into present Santa Cruz County.
Hunters and gatherers for whom acorns provided the staple food source.
An estimated average of the tribal population was about 3000 during the 1780 - 1821 time period.
Coeur D`alene
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( northern Idaho )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Semi-subterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Large game
Links:
Coweta ( see Creek )
Cowichan
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
In 1967 there were 5652 Cowichan in Canada.
Link:
Cowilitz
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( southern Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Semi-subterranean house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Subgroup: Upper Cowlitz ( Penutian-Sahaptin speaking )
Links:
Cowlitz (tribe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coyotera ( see Apache )
Cree
Croatan
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Roanoke Island, Virginia )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular barrel-roofed house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
Link:
Croatan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cumumbah ( see Ute )
Cupeño
Geographic Region: Southwest ( southeastern California )
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house.
Principle Subsistence Type: Wild plants, maize, small game.
Links:
Cupeño - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cusabo
South Carolina SC - Indians, Native Americans - Cusabo
D
Dakota ( see Sioux )
Diegueño
Geographic Region: Southwestern California ( San Diego )
Linguistic Group: Hokan - Yuman
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns
The Diegueños were among the more populous of Southern California Indian tribes prior to the arrival of the Spanish, numbering about 3000 according to Alfred Kroeber's 1925 estimate. By 1882 however, the effects of disease and intermarriage had reduced their number to 731.
Links:
Digger ( see Maidu )
Dineh ( see Navajo )
Dogrib ( Thlingchadinne )
Geographic Region: Subarctic ( Great Bear Lake Territory )
Linguistic Group: Athapascan
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Caribou, Moose
Links:
Dogrib: Definition and Much More from Answers.com
Dogrib - Encyclopaedia Britannica
Duwamish
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( Puget Sound Washington )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular plank house
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
Noted for their ceremonial spirit canoe ceremony, which was staged by Medicine People during the winter, to recapture souls that might become lost enroute to the spirit world. The ceremony involved songs and ceremonial dance as well as the Medicine persons magic, and was paid for by relatives of the person whose soul was lost.
Links:
E
Eastern Shawnee ( see Shawnee )
East Greenland Eskimo ( see Eskimo )
Edisto
South Carolina SC - Indians, Native Americans - Edisto
Eel River
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Indiana, Ohio )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
A small tribe associated with the Eel River region, who sold their reservation in Boone County, Indiana in 1828, and merged with the Miami. Some of their descendants may still be found among the Miami in Oklahoma. ( See also Miami )
Erie ( Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat )
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Lake Erie region )
Linguistic Group: Iroquoian
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular barrel-roofed house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
Though related to the Iroquois, the Erie were never members of the Iroquois League, and their dialect was similar to that of the Huron.
Their name means 'at the place of the panther,' and possibly for this reason they were called 'cat' Indians by early whites.
The tribe was almost completely wiped out by the Iroquois Confederacy in 1656. The survivors joined the Conestoga and Seneca, and through the mid 20th century, a handful of them still survived among the Seneca in Oklahoma.
Esselen
Euchee ( see Yuchi )
Eufaula ( see Creek )
Eyak
Geographic Region: Northwest Coast ( southernmost central Alaska )
Linguistic Group: Eyak ( a Na-Dene language related to Haidan and Athapascan )
Principle Dwelling Type: Double lean-to
Principle Subsistence Type: Fish
F
Faraon ( see Apache )
Fernandeño
Geographic Region: Southeastern California
Linguistic Group: Uto-Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns
Known as one of the 'mission peoples' tribes, the Fernandeño, along with the Gabrieleño and San Nicoleño, had a population of about 5000 prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
Links:
Five Civilized Tribes ( see Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole )
Flathead
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( western Montana )
Linguistic Group: Salishan
Principle Dwelling Type: Bark - covered huts, plains tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Buffalo and other large game
A subgroup of the Spokane Tribes, their name derives from a custom common to many Salishan people of practicing head deformation by strapping their infants to hard cradle-boards. Thus, flattening the back of their heads, making the top of the head appear more round.
The Flathead, conversely, did not practice head flattening, and therefore the tops of their heads were flatter than those of other Salishan peoples, hence the name.
The Flatheads were known for their skilled horsemanship, and their traditional range was in the area surrounding present - day Flathead Lake in western Montana, with their present reservation to the south of the lake. They were eventually forced into Canada when whites settled in Montana.
The 1985 population of that reservation was 3225, up from 2900 in 1970.
Links:
Flathead -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Forest Potawatomi ( see Potawatomi )
Links:
Fox ( Mesquaki, Muskwaki, Mesquakie )
Geographic Region: Northeast ( Illinois )
Linguistic Group: Algonquian
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Hunting, maize
Originally called Mesquaki, or 'red earth people,' the Fox took their present name from the French who observed that they had a fox clan within the tribal structure.
The Fox were not at friendly terms with the French, and were constantly at war with them.
* In 1716 - The Fox suffered a major defeat at the hands of the French - which only seemed to intensify the hostilities between them.
* In 1730 - The French practically wiped out the tribe.
The remainder of the Fox, joined their kinsmen, the Sauk, who lived in the Green Bay area, with continued hostilities with the French.
* In 1740 - The Sauk and Fox made peace with the French.
By the early 19th century, the Fox were living along the Rock River, in northern Illinois.
* In 1940, there were still 400 Fox near Tama, Iowa, and about 475 near Stroud, Oklahoma.
* In 1985, the combined population of the Sauk and Fox was 745 in Iowa, 56 on their joint reservation in Kansas, and 1041 in Oklahoma.
Links:
Fox (tribe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
G
Gabrieliño ( Tongva )
Geographic Region: Southeastern California
Linguistic Group: Uto - Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Domed bark, thatch or hide house
Principle Subsistence Type: Acorns, maize
Known as one of the 'mission peoples' tribes, the Gabrileño, along with the San Nicoleño, had a combined population of about 5000 prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
Links:
Tongva - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gosiute
Geographic Region: Great Basin ( northern Nevada and Utah )
Linguistic Group: Uto - Aztecan
Principle Dwelling Type: Crude conical tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Wild plants and small game
The Gosiute were one of several numanic speaking tribes, who intermixed with, and were related to, the Bannock, Paiute, Shoshone and Ute tribes.
Links:
Goshute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Great Osage ( see Osage )
Green River Snake ( see Shoshone )
Gros Ventre ( Atsina )
Geographic Region: Plains and Prairies ( North Dakota and southern Saskatchewan )
Linguistic Group: Siouan
Principle Dwelling Type: Plains tipi
Principle Subsistence Type: Buffalo
Subgroups: Hidatsa, Awatixa, Awaxawi and Atsina Proper
Links:
Guacara ( Guacata ) Timucua - Also see 'Taino'
Guale
Geographic Region: Southeast ( Georgia )
Linguistic Group: Muskogean
Principle Dwelling Type: Rectangular thatched house
Principle Subsistence Type: Maize
Links:
Guale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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